This means that the introduction of S. alterniflora to an estuary or coastline can occur via either natural spread, due to tidal conditions or via human induced actions such as shipping (ballast water) or intentional planting (e.g. Sheaths mostly glabrous, throat glabrous or minutely pilose, lower sheaths often wrinkled; ligules 1-2 mm; blades to 60 cm long, 3-25 mm wide, lower blades shorter than those above, usually flat basally, becoming involute distally, abaxial surfaces glabrous, adaxial surfaces glabrous or sparsely pilose, margins usually smooth, sometimes slightly scabrous, apices attenuate. Status, Predictions, and prevention of introduced cordgrass, Grevstad, F. S., D. R. Strong, D. Garcia-Rossi, R. W. Switzer, and M. S. Weckere. Optimizing the efficacy of glyphosate to control Spartina alterniflora. The flowers (classified yellow, although visually seem white) are inconspicuous and are borne in greatly congested spikes, 2-5 cm long (Hitchcock et al., 1969). Norman M, Patten K, 1994. Estuaries. Noxious emergent plant environmental impact statement. Spartina alterniflora (smooth cordgrass); infestation of densely packed plants on a mudflat. Impact of high herbivore densities on introduced smooth cordgrass, Spartina alterniflora, invading San Francisco Bay, California. Unpublished progress report submitted to WSDNR (January-May 1994). However, ground sprayed glyphosate did significantly reduce S. alterniflora density, with treatment dates of June/July applications of 38 kg ae/ha being more effective than either similar concentrations at different times of the year or lower active ingredient concentrations. 100 no. Consumer driven pollen limitation of seed production in marsh grasses. US Fish and Wildlife Service, 2010. Experimental evidence indicates that invertebrate populations in the sediments of S. alterniflora clones, in Willapa Bay are smaller than populations in surrounding non-vegetated intertidal mudflats (Norman and Patten, 1994). ©John M. Randall/The Nature Conservancy/Bugwood.org - CC BY-NC 3.0 US. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA, 20-21 March 1997. Estuaries, 18(2):409-417. Weed Pest Control Conf, 108-13. Norman M, Patten K, 1995. Daehler CC, Strong DR, 1997. Due to the severe invasion of Spartina alterniflora, the native ecosystem has undergone great changes. However, seedlings generally begin to tiller late in their first session. Inflorescences, which are thought to be wind pollinated, develop in August through to October and typically consist of numerous spikelets. A small population was eradicated from Humbolt Bay. Feist B E, Simenstad C A, 2000. Vascular plants of the Pacific Northwest. Estuaries, 10(1):54-60. Managing Spartina in Victoria and Tasmania, Australia. Estuaries, mangroves and other intertidal zones with soft sediment. Spartina management program: Intergrated weed management for private lands in Willapa Bay, prepared for the Noxious Weed Board and County Commissioners, Pacific County, Washington. Feist BE, Simenstad CA, 2000. In: Biological Conservation [ed. Estuaries, 2:271-273. The density reductions achieved by the herbicides are included in the table of control measures. Spartina alterniflora. Web publication. San Francisco Bay). Seeds and rhizomes spread via spring and winter tides. Smooth cordgrass, McEnnulty, F.R., Jones, T.E. Anttila C K, Daehler C C, 1997. Murphy, K.C. 509-521. Estuaries. Noxious emergent plant environmental impact statement. smooth cordgrass. The decline of Spartina alterniflora (Poaceae) in the British Isles. Spartina marshes in southern England. Spartina Workshop Record, Washington Sea Grant Program, University of Washington, Seattle, pp. Spartina is a relatively small genus consisting of approximately 14 species, geographically centered along the east coast of North and South America, with outliers on the west coast of North America, Europe, and Tristan da Cunha. Wallingford, UK: CAB International, 548 pp. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA, 20-21 March 1997 [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA, 20-21 March 1997]. Hitchcock CL, Cronquist A, Own-Bey M, 1969. (Thom, 1992). Status, prediction and prevention of introduced cordgrass Spartina spp. Estuaries. 51-58. Effect of salinity and sulfide on the distribution of Phragmites australis and Spartina alterniflora in a tidal saltmarsh. USA. However, further investigation is required to see if integrating it with another control measure would increase its efficacy of controlling S. alterniflora. Nonindigenous Aquatic Species in a United States Estuary: A Case Study of the Biological Invasion of the San Francisco Bay and Delta. Panicles 10-40 cm, with 3-25 branches, often partially enclosed in the uppermost sheath; branches 5-15 cm, loosely appressed, not twisted, more or less equally subremote to moderately imbricate throughout the panicle, axes often prolonged beyond the distal spikelets, with 10-30 spikelets. have a dense root/rhizome system that binds coastal mud and its sturdy stem decreases wave action allowing silt deposition, causing elevation of the mudbank, assisting in land reclamation. Grows 3 to 7 feet high. Pesticides should always be used in a lawful manner, consistent with the product's label. In: The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA [The Proceedings of the Second International Spartina Conference, Olympia WA]. Spartina spp. Flowering phenology and seed production of Spartina anglica. In: The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California [The 8th International Zebra Mussel & Other Nuisance Species Conference, Sacramento, California], Costa C S B, Marangoni J C, Azevedo A M G, 2003. Draft Recovery Plan for Tidal Marsh Ecosystems of Northern and Central California. Border control for potential aquatic weeds. Journal of Ecology (Oxford), 91(6):951-965. The control of Spartina species. Wildlife Society Bulletin. Further investigation of the differing methods of application used to apply glyphosate showed that aerial application did not significantly reduce the density of S. alterniflora. Pieces of rhizomes could be transported via ship ballast develop in August through to October and typically consist a. Introduced marsh plant, Spartina alterniflora, Loisel. ) of Washington ’ S coastline of rhizomes be. The smooth cordgrass ) ; infestation of densely packed plants majority of trials captured by Roberts and Pullin ( ). 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